Deprecated: ltrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 3030

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$categories is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$post2cat is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$link2cat is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 554

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 595

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 535

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 960

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 980

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 992

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 1003

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 151

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 175

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 164

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 186

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 138

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetExists($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 75

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetGet($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 89

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetSet($index, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 110

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetUnset($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 127

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 199

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 396

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 388

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 382

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 400

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 78

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 72

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 59

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 82

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property PortoBuilders::$builder_types is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/porto-functionality/builders/init.php on line 77

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Cookie_Law_Info_Cookie_Scaner::$status_labels is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/modules/cookie-scaner/cookie-scaner.php on line 33

Deprecated: Return type of PMXE_Config::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wp-all-export-pro/classes/config.php on line 92

Deprecated: version_compare(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($version2) of type string is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wp-schema-pro/classes/class-brainstorm-update-aiosrs-pro.php on line 152

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$plugin_path is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 28

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$version is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 30

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Settings::$page_slug is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-settings.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$activation_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 12

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$changelog_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$api_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 14

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$store_id is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 15

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$sku is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 16

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$extensions_list_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$promotions_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Settings::$api is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-settings.php on line 19

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$wpcf_settings is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 43

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$plugin_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 20

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$assets_js_lib is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 21

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$assets_js_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 22

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$assets_css_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 23

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$build_js_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 24

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$build_css_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 25

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$activation_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 12

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$changelog_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$api_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 14

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$store_id is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 15

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$sku is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 16

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$extensions_list_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$promotions_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Form_Helper::$extensions is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-form-helper.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$wpcf7_redirect is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 45

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$activation_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 12

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$changelog_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$api_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 14

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$store_id is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 15

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$sku is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 16

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$extensions_list_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Qs_Api::$promotions_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-qs-api.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7r_Utils::$api is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-utils.php on line 20

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$wpcf7_utils is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 47

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$wpcf7_submission is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 49

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCF7R_Base::$wpcf7_user_panel is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/classes/class-wpcf7r-base.php on line 51

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Wpcf7_Redirect::$cf7_redirect_base is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wpcf7-redirect/class-wpcf7-redirect.php on line 9

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property ElementorPro\Plugin::$updater is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/plugin.php on line 491

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$categorymeta is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$portfolio_catmeta is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$member_catmeta is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$wf_email_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 10

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$wf_api_licence_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 11

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$wf_instance_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 12

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$plugin_settings_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$product_id is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 14

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$software_version is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 15

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$plugin_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 16

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$upgrade_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$domain is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 24

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$api_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 27

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$activation_email is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 30

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$instance is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 33

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$renew_license_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 35

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$plugin_or_theme is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 36

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$text_domain is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 37

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager::$extra is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/wf_api_manager.php on line 38

Deprecated: Optional parameter $extra declared before required parameter $wf_instance_key is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 10

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$upgrade_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 12

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$plugin_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$product_id is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 14

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$api_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 15

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$activation_email is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 16

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$renew_license_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$instance is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 18

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$domain is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 19

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$software_version is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 20

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$wf_email_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 22

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$wf_api_licence_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 23

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_Software_Activate::$wf_instance_key is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-activate.php on line 24

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WF_API_Manager_Software_Update::$slug is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/admin/wf_api_manager/class-wc-am-plugin-update.php on line 80

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/inc/Engine/Optimization/DelayJS/HTML.php on line 253

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/inc/Engine/Optimization/DelayJS/HTML.php on line 263

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/inc/Engine/Optimization/DelayJS/HTML.php on line 272

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$wpr_rocket_cache is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$wpr_rucss_used_css is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Main::$helpers is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/lib/abstract-main.php on line 65

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/elementor/core/editor/notice-bar.php on line 75

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/elementor/core/editor/notice-bar.php on line 79

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$actionscheduler_actions is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$actionscheduler_claims is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$actionscheduler_groups is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$actionscheduler_logs is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Block_Type::$skip_inner_blocks is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-type.php on line 347

Deprecated: ltrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 3030

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Constant FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/conditionals/third-party/elementor-edit-conditional.php on line 22

Deprecated: Constant FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/conditionals/third-party/elementor-edit-conditional.php on line 28

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp.php on line 173

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Red_Monitor::$associated is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/redirection/models/monitor.php on line 13

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Helpers\Import_Cursor_Helper::$options is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/helpers/import-cursor-helper.php on line 19

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php:14) in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1673

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_ID is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 378

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_count is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 379

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_description is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 380

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 381

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_nicename is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 382

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_parent is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-includes/category.php on line 383

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Surfaces\Classes_Surface::$container is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/surfaces/classes-surface.php on line 20

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Main::$classes is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/lib/abstract-main.php on line 65

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$page_type is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 43

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$page_type is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 43

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$title is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$source is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Presentation::$title is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Presentation::$source is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$meta_description is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$robots is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_locale is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_type is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_title is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_description is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_url is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$wordpress_site_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_site_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$company_name is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$site_represents is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$open_graph_publisher is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_article_publisher is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_article_author is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_article_published_time is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_article_modified_time is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$open_graph_enabled is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$open_graph_images is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Context\Meta_Tags_Context::$twitter_card is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_card is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_title is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_description is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_image is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_creator is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Yoast\WP\SEO\Presentations\Indexable_Post_Type_Presentation::$twitter_site is deprecated in /var/www/vhosts/tousky.com/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-seo/src/presentations/abstract-presentation.php on line 64

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{"id":1951,"date":"2015-02-26T15:50:18","date_gmt":"2015-02-26T14:50:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fastfitness.es\/?p=1951"},"modified":"2020-01-20T18:47:30","modified_gmt":"2020-01-20T17:47:30","slug":"siguiendo-la-pista-a-maffiuletti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tousky.com\/blog-f-a-s-t\/siguiendo-la-pista-a-maffiuletti.html","title":{"rendered":"Siguiendo la pista a Maffiuletti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maffiuletti es uno de los investigadores m\u00e1s destacados en el campo de la electroestimulaci\u00f3n, ya que desde hace 15 a\u00f1os ha realizado grandes aportaciones a nivel internacional. En el presente art\u00edculo iremos haciendo un recorrido a alguno de los art\u00edculos publicados en los que ha participado este investigador referente para muchos.<\/p>\n

\u00a0En el a\u00f1o 2000 se indexaba una publicaci\u00f3n de Maffiuletti y sus compa\u00f1eros en la que se investigaban los efectos de la electroestimulaci\u00f3n <\/a><\/span>en el entrenamiento y la pr\u00e1ctica de baloncesto sobre la fuerza muscular y la capacidad de salto. En este estudio se expon\u00eda un ensayo cl\u00ednico aleatorizado en el que 20 jugadores de baloncesto j\u00f3venes (media 24,7(3,9) a\u00f1os) se somet\u00edan a 4 semanas de entrenamiento, reparti\u00e9ndose la mitad en el grupo control, y la otra mitad en el grupo experimental de electroestimulaci\u00f3n. El grupo que realizaba electroestimulaci\u00f3n lo hac\u00eda 3 veces por semana. La electroestimulaci\u00f3n consist\u00eda en la estimulaci\u00f3n de los vastos del cu\u00e1driceps a la par que se fijaba la rodilla en una m\u00e1quina a 60\u00b0de extensi\u00f3n. Los par\u00e1metros fueron 100 Hz, a 400 ?s, con 3 segundos de impulso y 17 de descanso. Durante el entrenamiento cada m\u00fasculo realiz\u00f3 48 contracciones. La intensidad (miliamperios) se monitoriz\u00f3 online y fue determinada en funci\u00f3n del 80% de la MCV (m\u00e1xima contracci\u00f3n voluntaria) que se detect\u00f3 al inicio de la sesi\u00f3n con un dinam\u00f3metro especial. Los resultados mostraron que la EMS aument\u00f3 las fuerzas isom\u00e9trica, conc\u00e9ntrica y exc\u00e9ntrica de los extensores de la rodilla, adem\u00e1s del rendimiento en salto vertical sin ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento (squatjump – SJ), ya que la mejora en el CMJ (counter-movementjump) se deber\u00eda a un mayor rendimiento de los extensores de la rodilla, por eso despu\u00e9s de otras 4 semanas de entrenamiento de baloncesto, sin EMS, en los test se observ\u00f3 la mejor\u00eda(Maffiuletti, Cometti et al. 2000).<\/p>\n

Dos a\u00f1os m\u00e1s tarde publicaba, junto con otros compa\u00f1eros de la Universidad de Borgo\u00f1a, un estudio so\"siguiendobre\u00a0los efectos de la electroestimulaci\u00f3n\u00a0combinada con entrenamiento pliom\u00e9trico sobre la altura de salto vertical. La intervenci\u00f3n se realiz\u00f3 en 10 jugadores de voleibol durante 4 semanas. Los entrenamientos, 3 veces por semana, consist\u00edan en 48 contracciones de los extensores de la rodilla, 30 contracciones de los flexores plantares y, por \u00faltimo, 50 saltos pliom\u00e9tricos. La m\u00e1xima contracci\u00f3n voluntaria se increment\u00f3 significativamente en tan solo 2 semanas tanto en los extensores de la rodilla (+20%) como en los flexores plantares (+13%). La altura de salto en diferentes pruebas (SJ y sCMJ) tambi\u00e9n mejor\u00f3: en el salto sin contramovimiento la mejora fue del 21%, mientras que en el spike CMJ lo fue del 8-10%. En las conclusiones los autores indican que cuando se propone entrenamiento de fuerza-resistencia con EMS para el desarrollo del salto vertical, el trabajo espec\u00edfico debe complementar las sesiones de electroestimulaci\u00f3n para obtener mayores beneficios(Maffiuletti, Dugnani et al. 2002).<\/p>\n

Cuando realmente empezamos a ver las conclusiones que le han hecho famoso a este investigador, es a ra\u00edz de la publicaci\u00f3n, en 2002, de un estudio en el que se analizaba la activaci\u00f3n de los flexores plantares tras un entrenamiento con electroestimulaci\u00f3n. Maffiuletti, Pensini y Martin sometieron a 8 sujetos a 16 sesiones en 4 semanas de entrenamiento con electroestimulaci\u00f3n, espec\u00edfico para los flexores plantares, en los que se provocaban contracciones involuntarias a 75 Hz y 400 ?s de 4 segundos de duraci\u00f3n y 20 de descanso, mientras la cadera, la rodilla y el tobillo permanec\u00edan a 90\u00b0. Hubo mejoras en casi todos los par\u00e1metros, excepto en las propiedades contr\u00e1ctiles (con lo cual podemos enlazar los resultados de las investigaciones anteriores de Maffiuletti y otros autores en las que hubo mejoras significativas en el SJ y no tanto en el CMJ). Las conclusiones tras las mejoras observadas en los resultados fueron las siguientes: a) el incremento en el torque voluntario tras 4 semanas de EMS podr\u00eda ser debido al incremento de activaci\u00f3n en los m\u00fasculos agonistas; b) el cambio m\u00e1s obvio es el aumento de la cantidad de impulso nervioso a los m\u00fasculos desde los centros supraespinales; c) la adaptaci\u00f3n de las unidades motoras para activar preferentemente las fibras de tipo II podr\u00eda explicar los aumentos en la potenciaci\u00f3n post activaci\u00f3n y la actividad electromiogr\u00e1fica en el gastrocnemio tras un entrenamiento a corto plazo(Maffiuletti, Pensini et al. 2002).<\/p>\n

Un a\u00f1o m\u00e1s tarde, en 2003, se mostraron los resultados de un estudio en el que analizaba los reflejos T y H, con una intervenci\u00f3n similar a la del estudio resumido en el p\u00e1rrafo anterior. Las conclusiones de los autores indicaban que el entrenamiento con EMS de los m\u00fasculos flexores plantares no afect\u00f3 a la excitabilidad de las motoneuronas alfa y\/o a la inhibici\u00f3npresin\u00e1ptica(Maffiuletti, Pensini et al. 2003).<\/p>\n

Una vez m\u00e1s, en la misma l\u00ednea, en un estudio con 12 jugadores de voleibol a los que se les realizaba un entrenamiento de 4 semanas, 3 veces por semana, se pudo comprobar c\u00f3mo, la aplicaci\u00f3n de entrenamientos en los que solo hab\u00eda 20-22 contracciones involuntarias a trav\u00e9s de EMS, para los extensores de la rodilla y los flexores plantares, no modific\u00f3 la altura del salto en SJ y CMJ, pero s\u00ed se increment\u00f3 la altura y la potencia tras 15 segundos de CMJs consecutivos. Sin embargo, diez d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de abandonar el protocolo de intervenci\u00f3n, se pudo observar c\u00f3mo entonces s\u00ed aument\u00f3 la altura de salto significativamente en SJ y CMJ(Malatesta, Cattaneo et al. 2003).<\/p>\n

En 2005, con Boeiro a la cabeza del estudio, publicaban los resultados de un estudio en el que intentaron vislumbrar la fatiga central y perif\u00e9rica producida por EMS. Seg\u00fan estos autores<\/em><\/strong>, la fatiga atribuible a este tipo de est\u00edmulo de entrenamiento resulta tanto central como perif\u00e9rica, produci\u00e9ndose la alteraci\u00f3n m\u00e1s obvia en el SNC como consecuencia de una disminuci\u00f3n de la cantidad de impulso nervioso desde los centros supraespinales. Por otra parte, la insuficiencia de propagaci\u00f3n neuromuscular fue m\u00e1s evidente para el m\u00fasculo con el mayor porcentaje de fibras tipo II (Boerio, Jubeau et al. 2005). Sin embargo, los mismos autores, en otra publicaci\u00f3n sobre esta misma investigaci\u00f3n a\u00f1aden que una sesi\u00f3n t\u00edpica de EMS sobre los extensores de la rodilla principalmente se induce un fallo en la propagaci\u00f3n neuromuscular, mientras los mecanismos de acoplamiento excitaci\u00f3n-contracci\u00f3n y los mecanismos neurales no se ven significativamente afectados (Zory, Boerio et al. 2005). Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s concluyeron, en otra intervenci\u00f3n, que el entrenamiento EMS de fuerza resistencia, a corto plazo, se acompa\u00f1a de respuestas (por incremento de la activaci\u00f3n EMG) y adaptaciones neurales (por aumento de la amplitud del reflejo espinal y disminuci\u00f3n de la coactivaci\u00f3n), lo que explicar\u00eda el aumento y mantenimiento de la fuerza voluntaria m\u00e1xima(Jubeau, Zory et al. 2006). M\u00e1s tarde, en 2007, comprobaron c\u00f3mo tras un entrenamiento de 4 semanas de EMS de los flexores plantares y tras un desentrenamiento tambi\u00e9n de 4 semanas se produjo una reducci\u00f3n de la fatiga a una solo sesi\u00f3n de EMS. Esto lleva a pensar a los autores que se pudiera atribuir a un fallo en la activaci\u00f3n, disminuyendo la fatiga central, probablemente como resultado de los sujetos a una mayor tolerancia del dolor y el discomfort producidos por EMS (Jubeau, Zory et al. 2007).<\/p>\n

En un equipo liderado por Brocherie, cinco investigadores, entre los que estaban Maffiuletti y Cometti, se embarcan en una intervenci\u00f3n en 17 jugadores de hockey sobre hielo. Nueve de ellos realizaron entrenamiento con electroestimulaci\u00f3n 3 d\u00edas a la semana durante 3 semanas, donde los electrodos se colocaron en los extensores de la rodilla con 85 Hz y 4 segundos de impulso para realizar un total de 30 contracciones por sesi\u00f3n. La fuerza isocin\u00e9tica mejor\u00f3 significativamente, as\u00ed como los esprines de 10 metros con patines, mientras que la altura de salto disminuy\u00f3 en SJ, CMJ y DJ(Brocherie, Babault et al. 2005). Estos resultados difieren con respecto a otros estudios, donde no se produce una disminuci\u00f3n de la altura, e incluso se mejora en el squatjump, salto donde no hay requerimiento de las propiedades contr\u00e1ctiles. Es posible que esto sea consecuencia de la falta de entrenamiento con EMS de los flexores plantares, o quiz\u00e1s porque los requerimientos del deporte no est\u00e1n orientados hacia los saltos, por lo que no se incluyeron sesiones en las que hubiera mayor volumen de estos.<\/em><\/p>\n

En 2006 se lanza, junto con investigadores espa\u00f1oles como Herrero e Izquierdo, a una intervenci\u00f3n con una muestra m\u00e1s grande, de 40 sujetos, los cuales fueron aleatorizados en cuatro grupos distintos: EMS, pliometr\u00eda, EMS y pliometr\u00eda combinado y grupo control. Los entrenamientos se realizaron 4 veces por semana. El entrenamiento con EMS solo y el combinado con pliometr\u00eda indujeron incrementos en la fuerza m\u00e1xima e hipertrofia de los m\u00fasculos entrenados. Sin embargo, el entrenamiento con solo EMS no produjo mejoras en el salto, e incluso interfiri\u00f3 en el esprint(Herrero, Izquierdo et al. 2006).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Un curioso estudio de caso concluy\u00f3 que los cambios pl\u00e1sticos en el control neural confirman que posiblemente haya una participaci\u00f3n tanto de las estructuras espinales como de las supraespinales cuando las contracciones son inducidas por EMS. Adem\u00e1s, los cambios a nivel fibrilar, provocados por el entrenamiento EMS<\/a> <\/span>de resistencia a la fuerza, en este caso afectaron preferentemente a las de tipo I(Maffiuletti, Zory et al. 2006). Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s, en un estudio que mostraba una intervenci\u00f3n en 16 hombres sanos para evaluar el reclutamiento de las fibras musculares se concluy\u00f3 que durante la EMS las fibras se activan sin una secuencia obvia en relaci\u00f3n al tipo de fibra, es decir, que lo hacen aleatoriamente, alej\u00e1ndose de la reversibilidad del principio de Henneman propuesta para la EMS (Jubeau, Gondin et al. 2007).<\/p>\n

Uno de los art\u00edculos destacados de Maffiuletti de 2008 informaba sobre las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres con respecto a los umbrales sensitivos y de dolor. Las mujeres tardan m\u00e1s en sentir el est\u00edmulo, pero el umbral de dolor llega mucho antes (Maffiuletti, Herrero et al. 2008). Tres a\u00f1os m\u00e1s tarde, en otra investigaci\u00f3n que estratificaba por mujer\/hombre y por obeso\/no obeso, se pudo comprobar c\u00f3mo el umbral sensorial fue menor en las mujeres que en los hombres, tanto si eran o no obesos. Los umbrales sensoriales y motores fueron mayores en los obesos, siendo el \u00edndice de masa corporal un fuerte predictor de la excitabilidad motora (Maffiuletti, Morelli et al. 2011).<\/p>\n

Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s, continuando en la primera l\u00ednea sobre rendimiento que inici\u00f3 en el a\u00f1o 2000, Maffiuletti investig\u00f3 los efectos de un entrenamiento de electroestimulaci\u00f3n sobre el rendimiento en la pretemporada de tenistas, concluyendo que se puede incluir para inducir mejoras en la potencia anaer\u00f3bica y en el ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento (Maffiuletti, Bramanti et al. 2009).<\/p>\n

Este investigador no se ha podido olvidar de la oxigenaci\u00f3n de los tejidos, pudiendo corroborar junto a otros de sus compa\u00f1eros c\u00f3mo, a 30 Hz y con la intensidad m\u00e1xima tolerada, el b\u00edceps braquial requiere una demanda de ox\u00edgeno comparable a una contracci\u00f3n voluntaria a intensidad m\u00e1xima(Muthalib, Jubeau et al. 2009). En otra intervenci\u00f3n, con 10 sujetos j\u00f3venes, compararon el \u00edndice de oxigenaci\u00f3n de los tejidos con contracciones voluntarias e involuntarias en el b\u00edceps braquial (EMS a 75 Hz, 50 contracciones, 4 segundos de impulso, 15 segundos de descanso). Los resultados de este experimento reportaron que la demanda de ox\u00edgeno local del b\u00edceps braquial fue similar en ambas condiciones (Muthalib, Jubeau et al. 2010).<\/p>\n

\"entrenador<\/a>Volviendo a indagar sobre los efectos de la electroestimulaci\u00f3n<\/a> <\/span>sobre la potenciaci\u00f3n muscular, en 2010 se public\u00f3 un art\u00edculo en el que se comparaba c\u00f3mo afectaba a la posterior activaci\u00f3n muscular una contracci\u00f3n voluntaria m\u00e1xima o una contracci\u00f3n producida por electroestimulaci\u00f3n nerviosa transcut\u00e1nea (TENS). Todo ello para el m\u00fasculo cu\u00e1driceps, tanto el recto como en los vastos. Los par\u00e1metros TENS fueron 80 Hz a 500 ?s y la intensidad se asoci\u00f3 a un 40% de la m\u00e1xima contracci\u00f3n voluntaria;por lo que la contracci\u00f3n voluntaria con la que se compar\u00f3 fue tambi\u00e9n al 40%, y se realiz\u00f3 durante aproximadamente 10 segundos. Los 16 sujetos j\u00f3venes que completaron la intervenci\u00f3n tuvieron una amplitud Mmax<\/sub> mayor significativa, para el recto femoral, desde los 3 segundos posteriores a la contracci\u00f3n hasta los 600 segundos en la condici\u00f3n voluntaria; mientras que en el vasto externo, hasta el segundo 60, la amplitud Mmax<\/sub>fue mayor, pero no significativa, cuando la contracci\u00f3n previa fue producida por TENS. Sin embargo, a pesar de que solo los resultados parecen estar claros para el recto femoral, los autores concluyen que para potenciar ser\u00eda m\u00e1s recomendable elegir contracciones voluntarias (Jubeau, Gondin et al. 2010).<\/p>\n

En 2010 Maffiuletti se lanza solo a una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica sobre el uso de electroestimulaci\u00f3n muscular, en la que se indica que su podr\u00eda ser para: preservar la masa muscular y las funciones durante una lesi\u00f3n o inmovilizaci\u00f3n, recuperar la masa muscular<\/a><\/span> y las funciones durante una lesi\u00f3n o inmovilizaci\u00f3n, mejorar las funciones de la musculatura sana o prehabilitarla. As\u00ed pues, tambi\u00e9n se indica que su uso se ha reportado en medicina cardiovascular, ortop\u00e9dica, neurol\u00f3gica, general, geri\u00e1trica, espacial y deportiva. Destaca en esta revisi\u00f3n la insistencia entre las diferencias entre una contracci\u00f3n voluntaria y una producida por NMES: asincr\u00f3nica vs. sincr\u00f3nica, dispersa vs. superficial (cerca de los electrodos), selectiva (de fibras lentas a r\u00e1pidas) vs. aleatoria (desordenada entre fibras lentas y r\u00e1pidas), fatiga parcial vs. fatiga extrema, etc. Destaca la importancia en el entrenamiento con electroestimulaci\u00f3n neuromuscular de los par\u00e1metros (frecuencia, intensidad, impulso, ruptura, rampa), las caracter\u00edsticas de la contracci\u00f3n (dosis, duraci\u00f3n de la contracci\u00f3n, longitud muscular, tipo de electroestimulaci\u00f3n \u2013 sola, combinada o superimpuesta-), las caracter\u00edsticas del hardware (electrodos, unidad de electroestimulaci\u00f3n), detalles del programa (contracciones por sesi\u00f3n, sesiones a la semana, semanas, tolerancia, adherencia). Pero, sobre todo, al concluir destaca como limitaci\u00f3n el desorden en el reclutamiento de las fibras musculares (Maffiuletti 2010).<\/p>\n

La programaci\u00f3n del entrenamiento de electroestimulaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/span> debe introducirse con cuidado cuando se trata de rendimiento deportivo, ya que un estudio m\u00e1s de 2010 indica que tras 4 semanas de entrenamiento con electroestimulaci\u00f3n (4 veces a la semana) para el cu\u00e1driceps no produjo cambios en la fuerza de contracci\u00f3n voluntaria m\u00e1xima, e incluso hubo un retroceso en las propiedades contr\u00e1ctiles, pero la activaci\u00f3n muscular (EMG) s\u00ed que mejor\u00f3. Sin embargo, tras 4 semanas de desentrenamiento la activaci\u00f3n muscular se mantuvo, se recuper\u00f3 la funci\u00f3n contr\u00e1ctil y aument\u00f3 la fuerza de contracci\u00f3n voluntaria m\u00e1xima (Zory, Jubeau et al. 2010).<\/p>\n

Una de las investigaciones m\u00e1s espectaculares consisti\u00f3 en analizar, a trav\u00e9s de biopsia, el cu\u00e1driceps de 8 hombres j\u00f3venes tras haberse sometido a entrenamiento por electroestimulaci\u00f3n durante 8 semanas, en las que realizaron 25 sesiones. Los sujetos se dividieron en dos subgrupos, los que eran sedentarios, y los activos. El an\u00e1lisis se centr\u00f3 en las adaptaciones fenot\u00edpicas producidas. Se demostr\u00f3 que el entrenamiento con EMS es una modalidad eficaz para aumentar la masa muscular, la fuerza voluntaria m\u00e1xima, el impulso neural y el metabolismo oxidativo, as\u00ed como para mejorar los sistemas de defensa antioxidante. Las adaptaciones at\u00edpicas que se producen con este tipo de entrenamiento a\u00fanan las caracter\u00edsticas del entrenamiento de fuerza resistencia (\u201cresistance\u201d) y de resistencia cardiovascular (\u201cendurance\u201d), lo cual se podr\u00eda atribuir al reclutamiento no selectivo de las unidades motoras. Adem\u00e1s de mejorar en sujetos activos, en personas sedentarias parece especialmente adecuado, ya contrarresta de forma m\u00e1s elevada la atrofia por desuso t\u00edpica de la hipoactividad(Gondin, Brocca et al. 2011).<\/p>\n

Continuando con las revisiones, se public\u00f3 una en 2011 que recog\u00eda la evidencia sobre las adaptaciones neurales al entrenamiento con EMS. En esta se confirmaba la hip\u00f3tesis de que en las primeras fases, en adultos j\u00f3venes sanos, el entrenamiento con EMS, al igual que en el convencional, el aumento de la fuerza de m\u00e1xima contracci\u00f3n voluntaria se produce a trav\u00e9s de los mecanismos neurales, sin hipertrofia muscular. En esta revisi\u00f3n no se encontraron a penas evidencias sobre la participaci\u00f3n de mecanismos espinales (m\u00e9dula) para mediar esos incrementos en la fuerza. Sin embargo, s\u00ed hay fuerte evidencia para sugerir que las contracciones con EMS pueden activar \u00e1reas sensoriales, sensoriomotoras y motoras, y caminos interhemisf\u00e9ricos en el cerebro (Hortobagyi and Maffiuletti 2011).<\/p>\n

En 2012 publicaron una intervenci\u00f3n en la que comparaban el da\u00f1o muscular producido por contracciones isom\u00e9tricas voluntarias m\u00e1ximas y electroestimuladas en el los flexores del codo. Doce hombres, de 23 a 39 a\u00f1os, no entrenados. Se realizaron dos sesiones de test, separadas por 2 semanas, en las que con un brazo se realizaban las contracciones voluntarias y con el otro las electroestimuladas. Se realizaron 50 contracciones, con el codo a 160\u00b0, a 4 segundos de contracci\u00f3n y 15 segundos de descanso, en el caso de EMS a 75 Hz a 250 ?s. Se tomaron medidas inmediatamente despu\u00e9s, a la hora, a las 24 h., a las 48 h., a las 72 h. y a las 96 h. La m\u00e1xima contracci\u00f3n voluntaria disminuy\u00f3 m\u00e1s con EMS y se recuper\u00f3 m\u00e1s lentamente. Los niveles de CK (creatinquinasa) aument\u00f3 solo despu\u00e9s de EMS, adem\u00e1s los m\u00fasculos estuvieron m\u00e1s doloridos y m\u00e1s sensibles. La electroestimulaci\u00f3n indujo mayor da\u00f1o muscular que las contracciones musculares, probablemente por la especificidad del reclutamiento de las unidades motoras(Jubeau, Muthalib et al. 2012).<\/p>\n

Introduci\u00e9ndose en el mundo de la rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Maffiuletti y sus compa\u00f1eros concluyeron, tras una intervenci\u00f3n publicada en 2013, que a\u00f1adir electroestimulaci\u00f3n a los cuidados de pacientes cr\u00edticamente enfermos supone una gran diferencia a solo realizar los cuidados habituales- Hay pruebas concluyentes de que se previene la p\u00e9rdida de masa muscular (Maffiuletti, Roig et al. 2013).<\/p>\n

Se ha destacado que la zona a estimular determina las respuestas y adaptaciones del entrenamiento con EMS<\/a>.<\/span><\/span> Por eso, en varias investigaciones en las que ha participado Maffiuletti se ha comprobado c\u00f3mo el entrenamiento en cu\u00e1driceps resulta m\u00e1s efectivo cuando se electroestimula sobre el tronco del nervio femoral, que cuando se hace sobre el vientre muscular(Rodriguez-Falces, Maffiuletti et al. 2013; Rodriguez-Falces, Maffiuletti et al. 2013). Es por esto que, te\u00f3ricamente, apoyan que encontrar el punto motor previamente a la colocaci\u00f3n de los electrodos maximizar\u00eda los resultados y minimizar\u00eda las sensaciones de incomodidad (Botter, Oprandi et al. 2011; Gobbo, Maffiuletti et al. 2014). A este respecto no solo es importante la colocaci\u00f3n de los electrodos, sino tambi\u00e9n su tama\u00f1o, por lo que en una intervenci\u00f3n de 2014 se investig\u00f3 la diferencia entre los electrodos convencionales, y los electrodos grandes y m\u00faltiples para electroestimularel cu\u00e1driceps. Se pudo comprobar c\u00f3mo el uso de electrodos m\u00faltiples es leg\u00edtimo para el entrenamiento, y genera contracciones m\u00e1s fuertes, adem\u00e1s de percibirse menos desagradable (Maffiuletti, Vivodtzev et al. 2014).<\/p>\n

As\u00ed pues, no podemos olvidarnos de las \u00faltimas aportaciones, en las que se compara la EMS a 25 Hz y 100 Hz, dando como resultado diferencias en la fatiga y la potenciaci\u00f3n (Neyroud, Dodd et al. 2014; Regina Dias Da Silva, Neyroud et al. 2014). Adem\u00e1s, siguiendo esta l\u00ednea se ha podido ver c\u00f3mo las diferencias inter-sujetos son grandes, sugiriendo que hay respondedores y no respondedores a los diferentes est\u00edmulos propuestos (Wegrzyk, Foure et al. 2014).<\/p>\n

Beneficios de la electroestimulaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n

\u00a0Teniendo en cuenta todas estas aportaciones, podemos resumir el trabajo de Maffiuletti de la siguiente forma:<\/p>\n